Optimal design of rail level crossings and associated transition zones using adaptive surrogate-assisted optimization

Transition zones such as level crossing and bridge approaches are critical links in railway networks due to higher degradation rates maintenance needs. In this context, parametric optimization has been applied improve the design transition zones; however, it requires a more computationally efficient tool support repetitive function evaluations, since involved vehicle–track dynamic simulations becoming expensive evaluate. For purpose, surrogate-based simulation methodology is proposed search for an optimal combination of parameters relevant geometry elasticity track structures. Specifically, presented integrates finite element (FE)-based modeling with surrogate-assisted optimization: (1) FE model developed characterize behavior under moving vehicle; (2) problem formulated upon mechanical by extending adaptive surrogate scheme. This integration facilitates exploration space (thereby reducing computational cost), reasonable balance can be achieved between solution quality effort. The Dutch case. Results show that compared reference design, optimized significantly improves performance indicators wheel–rail contact forces energy dissipation ballast layer. brings great potential achieving desirable interaction improving connecting crossings transitions. applicable other structures may also contribute improvements current practices.